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1994-05-02
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<text>
<title>
Environmentalist On Environmental Threats
</title>
<article>
<hdr>
Foreign Broadcast Information Service, May 8, 1992
Arms Control: Ecological Aide on Environmental Threats
</hdr>
<body>
<p>[Interview with Aleksey Yablokov, Russian Federation State
Counselor for Ecological and Health Policy, by Arkadiy Dubnov;
place and date not given; first two paragraphs are introduction:
"Aleksey Yablokov: 'The Threat of Ecological Disaster Is No
Secret to the President'". Moscow NEW TIMES in English No. 14,
Apr 92 pp 11-13]
</p>
<p> [Text] The Russian Federation's State Counsellor for
Ecological and Health Policy Interviewed by Arkadiy Dubnov of
New Times.
</p>
<p> Thousands of containers with radioactive waste and several
atomic subs are buried in the Kara Sea. To make this sinister
picture complete, add to it the situation which has arisen after
the Komsomolets atomic submarine accident. Unlike all the other
Soviet submarines, it had an all-titanium hull. As to the
reactor body, it is made of steel. When a submerged submarine is
in one piece and properly pressurized, titanium and steel are
separated. The accident resulted in the decompression of the
hull--an analysis showed that the submarine had hit the bottom
at great speed, which is also evidenced by the photographs taken
there. In seawater, titanium and steel formed a electrolytic
couple.
</p>
<p> [Dubnov] As far as I remember my school physics, one metal
becomes the cathode in this case, the other metal, the anode,
and salt-water, the electrolyte.
</p>
<p> [Yablokov] Quite right. This triggered the process of
electrolytic dissociation, with the metals corroding, and the
submarine hull and the rector body crumbling. There have been
cases of titanium barges with hulls 1.5 cm thick, moored at iron
wharves, merely sinking in a year's time owing to their "rapidly
dissoluble" hulls having formed a titanium-iron electrolytic
couple.
</p>
<p> [Dubnov] What does the military have to say on that score? It
is supposed to know about this danger. Hasn't it taken such
emergency situations into account?
</p>
<p> [Yablokov] I haven't asked the military, but I'm absolutely
certain it knows about the problem, and as absolutely uncertain
that it cares...Now it has other headaches: army crisis, and
economic crisis in general: there isn't even enough fuel to take
the ships out to sea for naval exercises...Other experts,
however, confirm my fears that with time the reactor of the
Komsomolets, now lying on the bottom of the Barents Sea may
become, as a result of corrosion, a dozen times stronger source
of radioactive pollution than all the present radioactive dumps
in the Kara Sea are. Today, as yet, they are relatively safe.
[Yablokov ends]
</p>
<p> [Dubnov] If you agree that nuclear waste has actually been
buried in the Kara Sea on several occasions then what about the
assurances made to the IAEA in 1990 by the Soviet Government
which officially denied this practice? A New Times correspondent
learned this from Dr. Hans-Friedrich Meyer, an IAEA
representative, in Vienna.
</p>
<p> [Yablokov] Information about the "burials" appeared in our
media, and no one denied it. Andrey Zolotkov, a former People's
Deputy of the USSR who had dealt with the problem, also reported
the facts, and I have some Murmansk papers carrying confirmation
of the reports from the local naval base. I don't think that the
USSR Government ever made the assurances you've mentioned. That
must have been a statement by some deputy minister--an ill-
informed one. The Gosatomnadzor (Atomic Supervision Committee)
of the USSR had no way of monitoring the activities of the
Defence Ministry or the Navy. We have just remedied the
situation and set up the Russian Atomic Supervision Committee
which the military is now accountable to. Recently, the Navy
asked for the Committee's permission to bury liquid radioactive
waste in the Kara Sea. The permission was not granted.
</p>
<p> [Dubnov] All right, this practice has been banned. So what
happens to this waste now?
</p>
<p> [Yablokov] Look at how all civilized countries deal with the
nuclear waste disposal problem; they build special storages,
concentrate the waste, and so on... In any case, we shall no
longer put up with violations of international law. In
accordance with international regulations, nuclear waste can be
buried at sea on condition that precise information is provided
on what kind of waste is buried and where, and that the depth of
burial should be no less than four thousand metres...Neither
the Kara, nor the Barents Seas are that deep. And besides,
radioactive waste is dumped elsewhere, too...[Yablokov ends]
</p>
<p>Atomic nuclear plants have not become any safer in the CIS
</p>
<p> [Dubnov] Judging by the quickness with which the news of the
March 24 Sosnovyy Bor atomic power plant accident reached the
outside world, we have begun to reckon with public opinion at
home and abroad. By the IAEA seven-degree scale, our experts
estimated the accident as third-degree. How dangerous is this
level, and why was it estimated before IAEA experts had arrived
on the scene?
</p>
<p> [Yablokov] According to the scale, third-degree is a "serious
accident" which means that the probable discharge of
radioactivity did not exceed the normal daily amount five-fold.
Judging by everything, no marked rise in radioactivity level
took place in the atomic power plant area. Now we have to keep a
close eye on the situation and to monitor this level
continuously.
</p>
<p> As to the IAEA experts, one shouldn't expect them to be
objective with regard to our atomic power plants. The IAEA
report on the level of our atomic power plants' safety, which
appeared a few months ago, was coached in terms so soothing,
that no one paid it any attention. Now a Greenpeace analysis of
that report's initial data has revealed that the safety level of
the CIS' atomic power plants is one-hundredth the world's
average. Therefore, it is necessary, right now, to stop all of
our old reactors which are not up to the international nuclear
safety standards. [Yablokov ends]
</p>
<p>Siberia will be adding to our country's radioactivity
</p>
<p> [Dubnov] Aleksey Vladimirovich, let us now come back to the
Kara Sea. What do you mean by saying that "waste is dumped
elsewhere"?
</p>
<p> [Yablokov] I am concerned, and very much so, about other
sources of the Kara Sea's contamination, about the practice of
dumping radioactive waste in bodies of water in Siberia. Before
we come to know for certain where Krasnoyarsk-45 and Tomsk-7
dispose of their radioactive waste, we have every reason to
believe that all this waste, amounting to millions upon millions
of curies, has been dumped in the Arctic Ocean. These plants
just as the well-known Chelyabinsk-65, produce elements in the
nuclear-fuel cycle. In Tomsk, as far as I know, waste is pumped
into special underground storages, and Krasnoyarsk waste
probably goes to the Yenisej River. There are too many indirect
indications of that. Last year, for example, I read in the
newspapers that the level of radioactive contamination of water
in the lower reaches of the Yenisej amounted to 3-5 curies per
sq. kilometre, which equals the soil contamination level around
the Chernobyl atomic power plant. I have heard from the Greens
in Krasnoyarsk recently that a narrow strip of land (some 100 m)
along the Yenisej River, has a contamination level of 40 curies
per one sq. kilometre in places over the distance of 1,500 km
below Krasnoyarsk. Throughout the length of the river, there is
only one source of contamination--the plant in Krasnoyarsk
which has been in operation since the fifties...Only an
expedition to the lower reaches of the Yenisej, to the Kara Sea,
and analyses of bottom sediments, can confirm or dispel these
terrible suspicions.
</p>
<p> [Dubnov] We are still trying to fathom the ecological abyss
we've found ourselves in. We are not in a position to rectify
the situation?
</p>
<p> [Yablokov] Radioactive contamin